Tarihi bilgilere g\u00f6re Cezayir’in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi verdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde n\u00fcfusu 8-10 milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re Frans\u0131z i\u015fgal kuvvetleri \u00fclkedeki n\u00fcfusun % 15’ini \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Yani her 6,6 ki\u015fiden 1 ki\u015fi 7,5 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu ise her aileden en az bir ki\u015finin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu ise apa\u00e7\u0131k bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Cezayir 1830’dan 1962’ye kadar yani toplam 132 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle Fransa’n\u0131n i\u015fgalinde kald\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Cezayir halk\u0131 da kesintili olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131 verdi. En \u015fiddetli sava\u015f ise 1954-1962 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Frans\u0131z i\u015fgalciler 1,5 (bir bu\u00e7uk) milyon Cezayirliyi hunharca \u015fehit ettiler.<\/p>\n
Fransa’n\u0131n Cezayir’e y\u00f6nelik i\u015fgal ama\u00e7l\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 1827’de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O tarihte Cezayir, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 bir eyalet durumundayd\u0131; fakat Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde ba\u015f g\u00f6steren zay\u0131flama Cezayir’i de Fransa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zay\u0131f duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fransa bir bahaneyle Cezayir’in sahillerini abluka alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
Fransa, 1947’ye kadar Cezayir’in t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7iremedi ve \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde hakimiyet sa\u011flamas\u0131 da ilk direni\u015fin sona ermesinden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Frans\u0131z i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7leri Cezayir halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fini k\u0131rmak ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 direni\u015fe destek vermesini engellemek amac\u0131yla askeri, siyasi, dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik her bask\u0131 yolunu denediler. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u00f6nden halk\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Arap kimli\u011fini yok etmek amac\u0131yla bask\u0131 yapt\u0131, Arap\u00e7a ve Berberice yerine Frans\u0131zca’y\u0131 hakim k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar. Dini y\u00f6nden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yerine H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakim k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir misyonerlik faaliyeti ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve bu ama\u00e7la bask\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 direnen kabilelerin arazilerine el koymak suretiyle ekonomik bask\u0131 metotlar\u0131na ba\u015fvurdular. Halka hizmet veren vak\u0131flara ait gayr\u0131menkullere el koymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00dclkenin en g\u00fczel b\u00f6lgelerinde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yerle\u015fim birimleri olu\u015fturdu ve buralara Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 getirtip yerle\u015ftirdiler. Avrupa’dan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc te\u015fvik amac\u0131yla da yerli kabilelerden zorla gasp edilen araziler g\u00f6\u00e7menlere bedava da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. 1841-1850 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yerli ahaliden gasp edilen 115 bin hektar arazi Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere bedava da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1930’da ise bu \u015fekilde Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan arazinin miktar\u0131 2 milyon 345 bin hektar\u0131 (23 milyon 450 bin d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc) bulmu\u015ftur. Bu te\u015fvikler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden de Avrupa’dan g\u00f6\u00e7te g\u00f6ze batar bir art\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1870’te sivil y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7ildi ve Cezayir, Fransa \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu geli\u015fmeden sonra 1871 ve 1881’de \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lan bir ayaklanma ba\u015flatt\u0131. Fransa s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi her iki i\u015fgali bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de \u00fclkenin her taraf\u0131n\u0131 kan g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7evirdi ve binlerce insani vah\u015fice katlettiler. \u0130kinci ayaklanma 1884’te bast\u0131r\u0131labilmi\u015ftir ve bu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan katledilmi\u015ftir. Bu isyan bahane edilerek \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm yarg\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131 ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve “Yerli Kanunu” ad\u0131 verilen zul\u00fcm kanunlar\u0131 uygulamaya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Bu kanunlar\u0131n uygulamas\u0131 1919’a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu kanunlar Frans\u0131zlara \u00f6zel bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131rken Cezayirlileri b\u00fct\u00fcn insan haklar\u0131ndan mahrum ediyordu. Yani bu kanunlara dayal\u0131 olarak Amerika’dakine benzer \u015fekilde bir t\u00fcr \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 politikas\u0131 uygulan\u0131yordu. Bu politika Cezayirlileri ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik y\u00f6nden de zor duruma sokuyordu. Onlardan a\u011f\u0131r vergiler alarak i\u015fgal y\u00f6netiminin t\u00fcm giderlerini onlardan al\u0131nan vergilerle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu uygulama \u00e7ok say\u0131da Cezayirliyi \u00fclkelerini terk etmeye zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fransa’n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 politikas\u0131 Avrupa’dan getirtilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle i\u015fgal y\u00f6netimiyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7indeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Cezayir halk\u0131n\u0131 ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015f durumuna sokmu\u015ftur. Bu muamele y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00fclkenin asil sahibi durumundaki kalabal\u0131k kitleler fakirle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu vah\u015fet uygulamalar\u0131 \u00fclke halk\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli tepkilerine, protestolar\u0131na sebep oluyordu.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlar Kitleler Halinde \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n 1948-52 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 Cezayir’de i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmaya haz\u0131rl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131 oldu.Cezayir’de 1 Kas\u0131m 1954’te ba\u015flayan ayaklanma 19 Mart 1962’de ilan edilen ate\u015fkese kadar devam etti. Yani yakla\u015f\u0131k yedi bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l. G\u00fcn olarak ise toplam 2694 g\u00fcn. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bir bu\u00e7uk milyon Cezayirli \u015fehit edildi. Yani sava\u015f s\u00fcresince g\u00fcnde ortalama 557 Cezayirli hunharca katledildi. Bu rakam Cezayir’deki Frans\u0131z katliam\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar vah\u015fice, ne kadar hunharca oldu\u011funu apa\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. \u00d6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi yukar\u0131da da ifade etti\u011fimiz \u00fczere sald\u0131r\u0131larda \u00f6zellikle kalabal\u0131k kitlelerin hedef se\u00e7ilmesiydi.<\/p>\n Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi, 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1958’de M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kahire’de Ferhad Abbas’\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ge\u00e7ici Cezayir H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ni kurdu. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00f6nce Kahire’de sonra Tunus’ta faaliyetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Cezayir halk\u0131n\u0131n bu kararl\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi d\u00fcnyada geni\u015f yank\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n Bu y\u00fczden Arap \u00fclkelerinin tamam\u0131 ve baz\u0131 Asya ve Afrika \u00fclkeleri Ge\u00e7ici Cezayir H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ni tan\u0131d\u0131. Ancak Bat\u0131’da bu h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tan\u0131yan herhangi bir \u00fclke \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. Fakat bu duruma ra\u011fmen Fransa, Cezayir halk\u0131n\u0131n kararl\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi kars\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre dayanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden General De Gaulle, Cezayirlilere baz\u0131 haklar tan\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n De Gaulle, 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1959’da Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada Cezayir halk\u0131na kendi gelece\u011fini belirleme hakki tan\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu arada Afrika’daki di\u011fer Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri de birer birer ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elde ediyorlard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Fransa, Cezayir’i daha uzun s\u00fcre elde tutamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131. D\u00fcnya kamuoyunda da Fransa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 ve Cezayir halk\u0131n\u0131n lehine bir hava olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Sonu\u00e7ta Fransa, 14 Haziran 1960 tarihinde Cezayir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n liderleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme masas\u0131na oturmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klama ihtiyac\u0131 duydu. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n \u00fczerinden 10 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tikten sonra 25 Haziran 1960 tarihinde Fransa’n\u0131n Melun \u015fehrinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131nca Cezayir’de yeniden toplu direni\u015f eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bunun \u00fczerine Fransa yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l sonra 20 May\u0131s 1961 tarihinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri tekrar ba\u015flatt\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 18 Mart 1962’de Evianles-Bains Anla\u015fmas\u0131’yla sonuca ba\u011fland\u0131 ve Cezayir Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi (FLN) 19 Mart 1962’de ate\u015fkes ilan etti. S\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re yap\u0131lacak bir referandumda halk\u0131n onaylamas\u0131\u015fart\u0131yla Fransa, Cezayir’in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yacak ve Messu’l-Kebir’deki deniz \u00fcss\u00fc haricinde t\u00fcm askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerini \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde geri \u00e7ekecekti. 1 Temmuz 1962’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen referandumda halk\u0131n % 91’i ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k lehinde oy kulland\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece Cezayir, resmen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kimli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k aleyhine oy kullananlar ise Fransa’dan getirtilip bu \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftirilenlerle, onlarla i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n kaynak:www.islamkutuphanesi.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tarihi bilgilere g\u00f6re Cezayir’in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi verdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde n\u00fcfusu 8-10 milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re Frans\u0131z i\u015fgal kuvvetleri \u00fclkedeki n\u00fcfusun % 15’ini \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Yani her 6,6 ki\u015fiden 1 ki\u015fi 7,5 y\u0131l…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":120,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[55,53,54,58,57,52,56],"class_list":["post-118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler","tag-bagimsizlik","tag-cezayir","tag-cezayir-isgali","tag-cezayir-ulusal-kurtulus-cephesi-fln","tag-de-gaulle","tag-fransa","tag-savas-sucu"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":121,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118\/revisions\/121"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}