{"id":140,"date":"2014-11-04T09:07:36","date_gmt":"2014-11-04T09:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/?p=140"},"modified":"2014-11-04T09:08:00","modified_gmt":"2014-11-04T09:08:00","slug":"cocuk-isciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/cocuk-isciligi.html","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ocuk \u0130\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i kavram\u0131,\u00a0yasalar veya gelenekler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f bir ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ifade eder. Bu uygulama bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke ve uluslararas\u0131 yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan insani s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"cocuk-isciligi\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 S\u00fcmerler, Roma gibi uygarl\u0131klardan beridir s\u00fcregelen bir uygulamayd\u0131. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6zellikle 19. Yy. Sanayi Devrimi\u2019yle birlikte s\u0131k\u00e7a kulaklarda yer edip kal\u0131pla\u015farak bir kavram haline geldi. Sanayi Devrimi ile artan buharl\u0131 makine kullan\u0131m\u0131, enerjinin daha kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 elde edili\u015fini sa\u011flad\u0131 ve seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7i\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu noktada insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne eskisi gibi olmasa da belli oranda ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu. Fakat belirtti\u011fimiz seri \u00fcretim kavram\u0131 daha ucuza ve daha uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek insan ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ki \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7iler burada \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131. Bilhassa o d\u00f6nem \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma rekabeti \u0130ngiltere emek piyasas\u0131nda \u00f6yle bir hal ald\u0131 ki d\u00f6nemin \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fkan\u0131 William Pitt \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu[1]\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n mesaisinden neler beklenebilece\u011fini tecr\u00fcbe g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde yeti\u015fen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u015fimdiden ne kazand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hesap etmek zahmetine katlansak, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya yeten bu mesailerinin memleketin s\u0131rt\u0131ndan ne a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fck kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve milli refah ve zenginli\u011fe ne derecede yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rerek hayrete d\u00fc\u015feriz.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu kavram d\u00f6nemin edebiyat\u0131na dahi yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Emile Zola bir keresinde 8 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Frans\u0131z bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlarda nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f ve durumdan \u00e7ok etkilenerek bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc kitab\u0131 Germinal\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u201c35 derece s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tamamen kesik oldu\u011fu, iyi g\u00f6rebilmelerinin tek yolunun yanlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ivilere as\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ampullerle oldu\u011fu, rutubetten art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131yafetlerinin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck koktu\u011fu bir ortamda, k\u0131\u015fla gibi binalara yerle\u015ftirilen i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sefaletinin gizli kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile temas ettirilmiyor, tam anlam\u0131yla esir muamelesi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[2]\n

\"\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan<\/a><\/p>\n

O y\u0131llarda \u00e7ocuklar, i\u015f durumuna g\u00f6re g\u00fcnde 12-19 saat aras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Disiplin son derece s\u0131k\u0131 idi. \u0130stenilen i\u015f hacmi sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, gardiyan k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 adamlar \u00e7ocuklara ceza keser ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 d\u00f6verdi. Zaten o zamanki zihniyet, \u00e7ocu\u011fun uyan\u0131k kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daya\u011fa ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi.[3]\n

\u0130\u015fe yemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde bir defa k\u0131rk dakika ara verilirdi, fakat bu m\u00fcddet i\u00e7inde bazen ustaba\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 vakit kazanmak bahanesiyle \u00e7ocuklara makineleri temizletirlerdi; yaln\u0131z bu temizleme i\u015fi makineler i\u015flerken yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00e7ocuklar bir hayli pamuk tozu yutar, bazen da yaralan\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cezalar da \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ve insaf d\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131: Vakitsiz pencere a\u00e7mak \u00e7ocu\u011fa bir \u015filine, havagaz\u0131n\u0131 fazla harcamak 2 \u015filine, ellerini l\u00fczumsuz yere y\u0131kamak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u0131sl\u0131k \u00e7almak bir \u015filine mal olurdu.\u201d[4]\n

Ulusal ve Uluslararas\u0131 Mevzuatlarda \u00c7ocuk \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler \u0130le \u0130lgili D\u00fczenlemeler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan artan tepkiler \u00fczerine \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131 ad\u0131na uluslararas\u0131 birtak\u0131m d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Cenevre \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bu konuda imzalanan ilk s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.[5]\n

Bu bildirgede a\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n beslenmesi, hasta \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n tedavisi, terk edilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin korunmas\u0131 gibi kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye de bu bildirgenin alt\u0131na imzas\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hemen ard\u0131ndan 1936 ve 1938 y\u0131llar\u0131nda toplanan Balkan Kongreleri\u2019nde de \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fama saatleri de d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu<\/p>\n

kongreler her ne kadar b\u00f6lgesel g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde etki g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki 193 \u00fclkenin imzas\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131\u011f\u0131 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki BM \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ndeki d\u00fczenlemelere de tesir etmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde yine \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise, T.C. Anayasas\u0131, 4847 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu, 1593 say\u0131l\u0131 Umumi H\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha Kanunu gibi\u00a0 yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarla destekli yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar mevcuttur.[6]\n

Peki Ya Uygulamada?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Maalesef uygulama noktas\u0131nda t\u00fcrl\u00fc p\u00fcr\u00fczlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelinmektedir. \u00dcstte belirtti\u011fimiz gibi eski y\u0131llarda olu\u015fmu\u015f a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde farkl\u0131 halleriyle tekrar kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerini bir a\u011f gibi saran kapitalizm ile i\u015fverenlerin \u00fcretim ve para h\u0131rs\u0131 uygulamada bir\u00e7ok d\u00fczenlemenin \u00e7i\u011fnendi\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Bunlara tepkisiz kalmak da \u015f\u00fcphesiz bir insanl\u0131k su\u00e7udur.\"\u00e7ocuk<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde bilhassa \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmenin artmas\u0131, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yasal olarak g\u00fcnl\u00fck 2, haftal\u0131k 10 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini i\u015fverenler 12 saat gibi s\u00fcrelere \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin de denetimlerini s\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve daha teknik hale getirmesi iyi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olabilir.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan her \u00fclke gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de s\u00fcrmekte olan denetim eksikli\u011fi ve bilin\u00e7siz i\u015fverenler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i hastal\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcmleri s\u0131k\u00e7a duyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olaylardan biri olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Medyan\u0131n bu konudaki e\u011filimi toplum alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bu konuda daha vurdumduymaz bir tavra s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Son d\u00f6nemde gazetelerde 100 TL i\u00e7in 13 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocu\u011fun ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n pres makinas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, 80 TL i\u00e7in in\u015faatta d\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6len \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n m\u00fcdahil oldu\u011fu haberler de \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00fcmleri toplum taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k\u00a0bir durum olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki \u201cuygulama\u201d da ivedilikle\u00a0 \u00f6nlemler al\u0131n\u0131p bu \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmelidir.[7]\n

T\u00fcrkiye, meydana gelen \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin fark\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda payda\u015flar\u0131n vurdumduymazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 hatalar mevcuttur. Her ne kadar kimisi su\u00e7luyu devlet, kimisi insan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda, kimi de yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek ilgili \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde ya da ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerdeki uygulamalara ba\u011flasa da bu t\u00fcm kesimlerin \u00e7\u00f6zmesi gereken ortak bir sorundur. Bug\u00fcn bir Soma facias\u0131nda, 19 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde i\u015fverenlerin, devletin takip ve denetim eksikli\u011finin, medya ve ilgili sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisizli\u011finin pay\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, ILO verilerine g\u00f6re bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00e7ocuklar d\u00fczensiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fczerlerinde a\u011f\u0131r travmalar b\u0131rakan ve aralar\u0131nda seks i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, dilencilik, silahl\u0131 soygun ve uyu\u015fturucu ticareti gibi faaliyetlerde de bulunuyor. \u00dcst\u00fcne bu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n aileleri patronlar\u0131na bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131larak \u00e7ocuklar bu bataktan kurtulam\u0131yor. TES-\u0130\u015e\u2019 in raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 41 bin \u00e7ocuk dilendiriliyor. Bu da devletin son y\u0131llarda uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cDilencilere Para Vermeyin \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131\u201dndan bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[8]\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak; devlet, medya, toplum ve ilgili sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin bu konulara el birli\u011fi ile dikkat \u00e7ekmeleri ve \u00f6nlem almalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00a021. yy. da geli\u015fen \u00fclkeler uzaya insan g\u00f6nderme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayken bu vahim tablolar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kaderi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]http:\/\/www.serenti.org\/sanayi-devriminin-cocuk-iscileri\/<\/address>\n
[2]Emile Zola\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0 “GERM\u0130NAL” i ve XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\u00a0 Sonlar\u0131nda Frans\u0131z End\u00fcstri \u0130li\u015fkileri –\u00a0 Adnan Mahiro\u011fullar\u0131<\/address>\n
[3]http:\/\/www.serenti.org\/sanayi-devriminin-cocuk-iscileri\/<\/address>\n
[4]\u015filin: 1970 \u2018ten \u00f6nce \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kullan\u0131lan bir para birimi.<\/address>\n
[5]http:\/\/www.cocukhaklariizleme.org\/bir-tarihce-cocuklarin-haklari-ve-birlesmis-milletler-cocuk-haklarina-dair-sozlesme<\/address>\n
[6]\u00a0http:\/\/tbbdergisi.barobirlik.org.tr\/m2012-98-1126<\/address>\n
[7]http:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/basini-pres-makinasina-sikistiran-13-yasindaki-cocuk-isci-kurtarilamadi,225809<\/address>\n
[8]http:\/\/www.tesis.org.tr\/TR\/Genel\/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF6D4E4F5321D117E7<\/address>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i kavram\u0131,\u00a0yasalar veya gelenekler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f bir ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ifade eder. Bu uygulama bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke ve uluslararas\u0131 yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan insani s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kabul edilmektedir. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":141,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[76,44,73,74,75],"class_list":["post-140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler","tag-cenevre-cocuk-haklari-sozlesmesi","tag-cocuk-isciligi","tag-cocuk-istismari","tag-cocuk-yasta-iscilik","tag-sanayi-devrimi"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":149,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140\/revisions\/149"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.unitedcivilians.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}